RESEARCH
BASED PAPER
THE
ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN LEARNING
Compiled by :
131351210
Sri Yulianti
T.IF Night A
INFORMATICS TECHNIQUES STT WASTUKANCANA
PURWAKARTA
2014
FOREWORD
Praise be to Allah the Lord of the
universe for all the blessings, grace, and His guidance that does not have a
measurable amount, so that I can complete a paper titled "THE ROLE OF
COMPUTERS IN LEARNING".
In preparation, I get a lot of support
from various parties. Therefore, the authors would like to thank you profusely
to Ms. Indriati, Spd as counselors, parents and families authors who have
provided support, love, and trust is so great.
That's where all this success started,
hopefully this can all give a little happiness and lead to a better step.
Therefore, the authors expect criticism and suggestions that could be better.
End the authors hope that this article is useful for all readers.
Author
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Developments in science and
technology more rapidly. This phenomenon led to competition in many areas of
life, one of them in education. To produce the human resources quality, it is
necessary to improve the quality of education.
For the process of achieving optimal learning
outcomes, we need a means of education or learning media. Application of
instructional media should be able to train the ways of acquiring new
information, select it and then process it, so there is an answer to a problem.
Science and technology to keep pace with the needs of the
community drove rapidly evolving. Therefore, human resources either
individually or in groups to master science and technology. If not, people will
be left behind and lost in a world that is increasingly fierce competition.
During its development, appearing in a variety of media types and formats.
Developed many types of media these days is a computer media.
The progress of
computer media provides several advantages for the production of audio-visual
activities. In recent years computer received great attention due to its
ability to be used in the field of learning activities. Coupled with the
network technology and the Internet, the computer seemed to be excellent in
learning activities.
Based on the above
statement, I am trying to write a paper entitled "The Role of Computers in
Learning".
1.2 Problem Formulation
From the above
description can
be developed
at issue in
this paper, namely:
1. What is the definition of a computer?
2. How
the development of computers
today?
3. What
is the impact of
computers in learning?
4. How
to use a
computer effectively?
5. What
types of
applications are
contained on
the computer?
6. What
is the
role of computers in
learning?
1.3 Purpose
1. Knowing
the definition of a computer.
2. Knowing
the development of computers.
3. Knowing the impact of computers in learning.
4. Knowing how to use computers effectively.
5. Knowing the types of applications contained on the computer.
6. Knowing the role of computers in learning.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definition
of Computer
The computer
comes from the Latin,
computare that
count. Because
of the
breadth of their
field of
computer science,
experts and researchers
differ slightly in
defining computer
terminology
:
•
Robert
H. Blissmer the Annual Computer books, Computer is an electronic device that is
capable of performing several tasks such as receiving input, process the input
earlier in accordance with the program, save the commands and processing
results, and provide output in the form of information.
•
Donald
H. Sanders in the book Computer Today, Computer is an electronic system that
manipulates data For fast and precise, and designed and organized in order to
automatically receive and store input data, processes it and produces an output
under the supervision measures, instruksi2 programs that are stored in memory
(stored program ).
•
Hamacher
et al, in the book Computer Organization. Computer is a fast- electronic
calculating machine can accept digital input information, process it in accordance
with a program that is stored in memory and generate output information.
•
Fuori
found a computer is a data processor that can perform large calculations
quickly, including arithmetic and logic operations, without human intervention.
So it can be concluded that the computer is a
electronic device that consists of a command input, input processing tools, and
output devices that provide information and work automatically.
2.2 Development of Computers
The development of computer technology in
particular, is so rapid and highly influential on the world of learning. The
use of computers in schools is one example to improve the quality of
educational institutions, because the school is able to improve access to
computers, speeding up the process and reduce the administrative bureaucracy
conventional.
Revolutionary technology makes the computer
more and more clever, compact, and easy to use. Originally computers used to
help solve complex arithmetic calculations. However, with the rapid development
of technology, the computer can be used for word processing, data processing
and image processing in various fields.
Advances in computer technology made into a
fast-paced activity and make the world be like without limit. Various types of
information can be accessed quickly and accurately. A wave of change is so
rapid was able to force the education sector to use the computer as a learning
medium. Technological revolution must also be balanced with the renewal of
education and learning.
The influx of information technology,
especially computers, have a lot of change orders and the role of education.
For example, former teacher is the primary source of information for students.
However, with the presence of computers and the Internet have made the teacher
is not the only learning resources. With the presence of computer technology
led to learning can be done individually and accessed anywhere.
2.3 Impact of Computers in Learning
In the education sector and computer learning has positive and negative
impacts. The positive impact of computers that can assist in facilitating
student learning, even to motivate and accelerate learning. And with the
development of computer programs that have been specifically designed to help
learning be more effective.
While the negative impact of declining interest in learning computer is
caused because the entertainment applications that make students more than
learning to use the application, and the computer is able to make the students
very mechanical like a robot and who lack social skills. There are several
factors that make a person into a mechanical man because of computer technology
in education and learning :
•
Computers tend to isolate
Learning
through an intermediary machine (computer, video, TV, floppy disks, etc.) can
facilitate cognitive knowledge for users. But through machine learning has
turned out to socially isolate users, since users only interact with the
machine. Frequent interaction or using an intermediary machine causes decreased
social skills.
•
The computer tends to make people
physically fasif.
Preparation
of technology-based learning programs still tend to regard verbal learning,
linear, rationalistic, and only a brain. By not getting people physically
involved computer-based learning just tapped portion of human intelligence.
•
Computer only fit one learning style.
Learning
with the help of a computer is only suitable for one style of learning, because
learning is a computer-assisted learning making programmed.
•
Computers tend to be based media and
not based on experience.
Computer-assisted
learning with typically programmed not by research or field experience, as
learning with the help of computer designed for the needs of the media and the
market.
2.4 How to be an Effective Utilization of Computers
There are several ways to utilize the computer
as an effective learning. Computers can provide maximum results if it is
designed to create a learning environment that is designed to :
•
Collaborative,
social nature of learning. This can be done by creating learning for two or
more people.
•
Playing
and learning is the best way to start learning.
•
Provides
many options. Learning styles through a computer program designed to provide a
lot of options like choosing colors, materials, voting by combining various
elements in order to get a variety of learning styles.
•
Making
learning programs must be based on real experience or based on those research
results.
From a variety of learning how to use the
computer for, computers tools that build effective learning. The role of
educator or parent is needed to control the learning progress.
2.5 Type in Computer Applications
Selection of software or application program
is one that must be considered in the study. As an illustration, an application
program according to Ir. Saiful B. Ridwan grouped into 4 based on intent,
namely :
•
Edutainment
( education )
Designed specifically for the purpose of
education or teaching with elements of entertainment ( entertainment ) in
accordance with the material. These programs are generally taught the basic knowledge
such as reading, math, history, geography, and so on. For example, an
application entitled " Beginning Reading " ( to read ) ; "
Millies 's Math House " , " Let's Learn Plus Minus " ( count ),
" Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego " ( geography ), or "
The Cregon Trail " ( history ).
•
Games
( Games )
Designed for the purpose of the game and
not specifically given payload containing a particular aspect. While there are
usually additional knowledge gained as a side effect only. This game is usually
most in demand by children and adults. Applications can be grouped into types
of games adventures ( adventures to achieve specific goals with a variety of
challenges ), arcade ( game face fast-moving objects, " harm ", or
" attacking " player ), role play ( such adventures but players come
to be one of the characters ), simulation ( simulation games without a specific
purpose and what you want to do left to the player ), and strategy ( such as a
simulation game with a clear goal that requires the player's strategy ).
•
Infotainment
( Information )
Meanwhile infotainment, designed for the
purpose of reference or submission of complete information about a particular
topic. For example, " Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia " and "
Encrata '95 ".
•
Interactive
Movie ( Entertainment )
While interactive movie is designed for
entertainment purposes. The program is designed for interactive movie
entertainment only and lacked educational value.
Of the several types of computer application
programs are expected to teachers or parents can choose appropriate computer
programs for students that can be used in learning.
2.6 Role of Computers in Learning
In every learning is commonly used
instructional media or means of learning technologies. It is based on
behaviorism is the view that learning occurs as a result of teaching presented
by the teacher through or with the help of the media. However, in view of
constructivism, the media is used as something that gives the possibility of
students actively construct knowledge. Within the framework of constructivism,
learning is seen as an activity students manage cognitive resources to create
new knowledge by extracting information from the environment and integrate it
with the information that has been stored knowledge dibenaknya. ( Krismanto,
2003:4 ).
Researchers have found that there are a
variety of easy ways students process information. Most easy to process visual
information, others prefer to feel happy or easier when there is sound, and
others will be easier to understand if the use of written information.
The computer is one medium that can transform
the various symbols in the information from one form to another form. Students
can type text, and sophisticated computer can mentranformasikannya into other
forms, such as pictures and even sound. Computers can transform numbers into
the form of a graph or curve.
Computer as an interactive means of learning
is one form of programmed based on the Law of Effect. In Law of the main
assumptions that are believed to result of behavior that is followed by a sense
of fun to do or are likely to be repeated than behavior that is not liked. (
Krismanto, 2003:6 ).
Based on the result of this law comes SR theory
( which includes stimulus, response and reinforcement). Learning with this
theory is done by the students were given questions as a stimulus, then he gave
an answer ( response ) of a given question. Furthermore, the student responses
taken by the computer and if the answer is correct computers provide
reinforcement (reinforcement ). If any other questions that computers provide
load impetus to improve students' answers. ( Krismanto, 2003:6 ).
Feedback in the form of reinforcement is a form
of motivation for students. Without feedback the students do not know the truth
of their answers, do not know how far their success.
The computer is a tool that can be used as
the main medium of learning for its wide range of capabilities, including
having a virtual quick response ( view) of the input given student ( user ),
has the capacity to store and manipulate information, and can be widely used as
a tool in the learning activities. In addition, another computer that has the
ability to control and organize a wide variety of media and instructional
materials such as films, videos, slides, and information that can be printed.
Roestiyah ( 2001 ) explains that, in theory,
have the computer skills that force more than a teacher, because the computer
can :
a. Saving
some information.
b. Choosing
such information with high speed.
c. Presenting
the students with a challenging diagram signs.
d. Type
answer the needs of students.
e. Provide
feedback to individual students as soon as possible.
f. Provide
information to the difference with different students.
Privileged use of computers in the learning
process ( Muhammad Ikhsan, 2006 ) :
a. Computers
can be taught individually ( individualization of the learning process ) speed
can be adjusted to the students' abilities, methods or learning strategy that
is more appropriate, adjustments to the content of the material and the level
of difficulty.
b. Can
be used at any time ( unlimited time ) and can be used anywhere ( not limited
spaces ).
c. Eliminate
fear and shame.
The computer can be programmed to be used in
the teaching potential in three ways, namely :
a. Tutorial
In this case
the program requires the computer to act as a tutor who led the students
through a sequence of material that they expect to be a staple understanding.
The computer can find the scope of difficulty for each student, and then explain
the opinions found students, using appropriate examples and exercises and test
the students at each step to check how well students have understood.
b. Simulation
The second form
is for teaching with computer simulations on a particular state, or a system in
which students can interact. Students can refer to the information, so as to
arrive at the answer, because they think healthy, try out its interpretation of
the principles that have been determined. The computer will tell the student
whether the impact of the decision, mainly about the reaction of criticism or
opinion.
c. Data
processing
Rowntree ( Roestiyah , 2001 ) wrote that
in this case the computer is used as a research extensive amount of data or
manipulate data at high speeds. Students can ask the computer to examine
certain figures, or generate graphics and images that are difficult or complex.
Use
of Computers in Learning Activity :
a. For
Cognitive Objectives
Computers can teach the concepts of rules,
principles, steps, processes, and complex calculations. Computers also can
explain the concept simply by merging visual and audio animated .
b. For
Psychomotor Objectives
With this form of learning that is
packaged in the form of games and simulations are used to create a very good
workplace conditions. Some examples include programs aircraft landing
simulation, simulation of war in the most severe terrain and so on.
c. For
Affective Objectives
When a program is designed precisely to give
a piece of audio or video clips that it inspires feelings, learning attitudes
or affective can be done using computer media.
The computer as a medium of learning has its
advantages and disadvantages ( Benny A. Pribadi and Tita Rosita, 2002:11-12 ) :
•
Advantages
of Computers
Heinich et al. (1986 ) suggested a number of
strengths and also weaknesses in the computer medium. Computer applications as
learning tools provide several advantages. Computer :
a. Allows
students to learn according to their ability and speed in understanding the
knowledge and the information displayed.
b. Enables
students to take control of their learning activities.
c. The
use of computers in distance education institutions to provide flexibility to
the students to determine the speed of learning and choose a sequence of
learning activities according to the needs.
d. Computers
can create an effective learning climate for students who are slow ( slow
learner ), but also can boost the effectiveness of learning for students more
quickly ( fast learner ).
e. The
computer can be programmed to be able to provide feedback on learning outcomes
and provide confirmation (reinforcement ) on student achievement.
f. Computers
can also be used as a means for learning the individual ( individual learning ).
g. Excess
another computer is the ability to integrate the components of color, music and
animated graphics ( graphic animation ). This causes the computer to be able to
convey information and knowledge with a high degree of realism.
h. Another
advantage of the use of computers in the process of learning can improve
learning outcomes with the use of time and cost is relatively small.
•
Disadvantages
of Computers
Furthermore Benny and Tita ( 2000) provide an
explanation. Besides having a number of advantages, the computer as a means of
interactive communication also has some disadvantages, namely :
a. The
high cost of procuring and developing computer programs, especially those
designed specifically for the purpose of learning.
b. Procurement,
maintenance, and treatment includes computer hardware ( hardware ) and software
( software ) requires a relatively high cost. Therefore, consideration of costs
and benefits ( cost benefit analysis ) needs to be done before deciding to use
the computer for educational purposes.
c. Another
problem is compatability and incompability between hardware and software. The
use of a computer program usually requires hardware with the appropriate
specifications. A computer software often can not be used on computers that are
not the same specifications.
d. Designing
and producing computer-based learning programs (computer based instruction) is
not an easy job. Producing computer program is an intensive activity that
requires a lot of time and special skills.
The advantage of learning using computer
media ( Krismanto, 2003: 8 ) include :
a. Computer-assisted
learning if designed properly, an effective learning medium, can facilitate and
improve the quality of learning.
b. Increase
students' motivation.
c. Appropriate
supports individual learning abilities of students.
Can be used as a transmitter of direct feedback.
d. The
material can be repeated as needed, without causing boredom.
While the limitations of learning using
computer media ( Krismanto , 2003: 8 ) is :
a. Limitations
form of dialogue or communication.
b. Frequent computer use can lead
to dependence which result in less good.
c. Reduce
social interaction attitudes should be an important part of education.
The
limitations of computer media by Arsyad (2002 ) are :
a. Although
the price of computer hardware tends to be decreased ( low ), the software
development is still relatively expensive.
b. To
use the computers required specific knowledge and skills on the computer.
c. The
diversity of computer models ( computer software ) often cause programs (
software ) are available for one model does not fit with the other models.
d. Programs
are available at this time does not include students creativity.
e. The
computer is only effective when used by one person or a few people in a small
group.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Data Collection
"Data
collection techniques is an effective way to capture accurate data" ( Suharsini, 1993: 192 ). Data collection techniques in this study are interviews
conducted by the author on the speaker in school and in the environment where
the author lived. Interviews used is guided interviews, which were conducted by
questioning respondents using an interview guide ( questionnaire that was
read ) is a collection of questions to be asked of the respondents. In addition to the interviews, the authors also look for some
references on the internet for data collection.
Based on interviews and references of the
internet on data collection, the authors can conclude any answers from the
interviewees about the role of computers in learning.
3.2 Data Analysis
Data analysis is the effort
made by means of analyzing or examining the data, organizing data, select and
sort them into something that can be processed, search and find critical
patterns based on the needs in research and decide what can be published. Step
analysis of the data will go through several steps: data collection, classify,
select and sort the data and then analyze it. Analysis of these data in the
form of a narrative of a series of research results to answer the problem
formulation and deduce the answers from the interviews in data collection.
CHAPTER
IV
FINDINGS
Interview is one of the
primary means of data collection used in this study. The interview is expected
to reveal the perception of respondents regarding the variables studied.
Measurement indicators set out by him in the form of the interview must have the
ability to measure the variables. The ability to measure the indicator variable
called test validity (validity grain).
Based on interviews
conducted by the author on 11 speakers on "The Role of Computers in
Learning", one of the 11 interviewees said that the role of computers in
learning is very important because computers facilitate human learning.
Meanwhile, 10 other speakers argued that the computer is important for the same
reasons that the computer as a means to facilitate human access information, process
data, and streamline the learning process.
CHAPTER
V
CONCLUSION
Based on the discussion and the interview can be summed computer is an
electronic device that can receive data input and process data, provide
information using a program stored in memory (stored program) so that it can
store the programs and the results of the processing work automatically.
The role of computers in learning is
very important, because the computer is a tool that can be used as the main
medium of learning with its wide range of capabilities, including having a
virtual quick response (view) of the input given student (user), has the
capacity to store and manipulating information, and can be widely used as a
tool in the learning activities.
In the computer study has advantages
and disadvantages. Where one of the advantages that computers can provide the
motivation for students to learn in the presence of a variation, and
shortcomings that reduce students social interaction.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ATTACHMENT
Questions :
1. What
is the meaning computer?
2. Important
is the
computers in
learning?
3. What
is the
role of computers in
learning?
Answers :
1. Computer is an electronic device that can input the data and
process the data so as to facilitate the needs of users globally.
2. Computers is very important in learning.
3. The
role of computers
is an
effective learning
tool because
it helps
the user in
accessing the
information and
data processing
in learning activities.
